Appliance: disk increase

Run all commands as root (su -):

Check current disk size (default is 200 GiB):

fdisk -l /dev/sda
  Disk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors

Increase virtual hard disk capacity in vCenter (500 GiB in this case):
Reboot virtual machine

fdisk -l /dev/sda
  Disk /dev/sda: 500 GiB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors
  Disk model: Virtual disk    
  Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  Disklabel type: dos
  Disk identifier: 0x563c66d6

  Device     Boot     Start       End   Sectors  Size Id Type
  /dev/sda1  *         2048 417429503 417427456  199G 83 Linux
  /dev/sda2       417431550 419428351   1996802  975M  5 Extended
  /dev/sda5       417431552 419428351   1996800  975M 82 Linux swap / Solaris

# turn off swap partition
swapoff -a

# now let's define new partition table
fdisk -u /dev/sda

# first delete all existing partitions (type d [Enter] three times):
  Command (m for help): d
  Partition number (1,2,5, default 5): 

  Partition 5 has been deleted.

  Command (m for help): d
  Partition number (1,2, default 2): 

  Partition 2 has been deleted.

  Command (m for help): d
  Selected partition 1
  Partition 1 has been deleted.

# time to create new primary partition with command n (8 GiB at the end of disk space will be reserved for swap in this example)
# use default values (just type [Enter]), except for Last sector:
  Command (m for help): n
  Partition type
     p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
     e   extended (container for logical partitions)
  Select (default p):

  Using default response p.
  Partition number (1-4, default 1):
  First sector (2048-1048575999, default 2048): 
  Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-1048575999, default 1048575999): -8G

  Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 492 GiB.
  Partition #1 contains a ext4 signature.

  Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: n

# create swap partition at the end of disk space
  Command (m for help): n
  Partition type
     p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
     e   extended (container for logical partitions)
  Select (default p): 

  Using default response p.
  Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
  First sector (1031798784-1048575999, default 1031798784): 
  Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (1031798784-1048575999, default 1048575999): 

  Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 8 GiB.

# change 2nd partition type to swap
  Command (m for help): t
  Partition number (1,2, default 2): 
  Hex code or alias (type L to list all): 82

  Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'.

# check partition table before saving, it should look like this

  Command (m for help): p
  Disk /dev/sda: 500 GiB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors
  Disk model: Virtual disk    
  Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
  Disklabel type: dos
  Disk identifier: 0x563c66d6
  
  Device     Boot      Start        End    Sectors  Size Id Type
  /dev/sda1             2048 1031798783 1031796736  492G 83 Linux
  /dev/sda2       1031798784 1048575999   16777216    8G 82 Linux swap / Solaris

# write new partition table and exit fdisk
  Command (m for help): w
  The partition table has been altered.
  Syncing disks.

# try to force kernel to use new partition table
partx /dev/sda
  If that fails, you'll need to reboot. The system should boot just fine.

Then, resize the filesystem so it spreads to the extent of the enlarged partition
```
resize2fs /dev/sda1
```

Enjoy new filesystem space:

df -h
  Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
  udev             12G     0   12G   0% /dev
  tmpfs           2.4G  668K  2.4G   1% /run
  /dev/sda1       484G  6.3G  456G   2% /

Reactivate swap

mkswap /dev/sda2
swapon /dev/sda2

List current disk UUIDs:

blkid
  /dev/sda1: UUID="a15a90d8-1e99-42c1-bfb5-6b98b781067f" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="563c66d6-01"
  /dev/sda2: UUID="804f08d6-65e9-4c10-9cf5-8ad0e5748aa3" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="563c66d6-02"

Edit /etc/fstab and replace existing swap partition UUID with the current one shown by blkid command

# swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation
UUID=804f08d6-65e9-4c10-9cf5-8ad0e5748aa3 none            swap    sw              0       0